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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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1 results foundAuthor: Nguyen, Minh D.T. Title: From Tusk to Trinket: Persistent illegal ivory markets in Viet Nam Summary: The physical market availability of ivory has been well documented in Viet Nam, but online market availability less so. Recently, there has been evidence of the emerging use of online channels to sell illegal wildlife products, particularly ivory. However, Viet Nam's ability to enforce a ban on ivory sale, whether physical or online, is hampered in its effectiveness by an unclear regulatory framework. This report provides an update on the ivory market in Viet Nam (including prices, volumes, and locations), explores changes in market availability in physical locations at two different points in time, and further investigates online trade in ivory and its relation to the physical market. A total of three surveys were conducted (two physical market surveys and one online survey) between November 2016 and June 2017. Ivory was found for sale at all 13 of the physical locations surveyed: Ban Don, Buon Ma Thuot, Da Nang, Ha Long, Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hoi An, Hue, Mong Cai, Nhi Khe, Lak, Nha Trang, and Vinh. Ivory was also found on all three kinds of online platforms surveyed: social media websites, e-commerce websites, and online forums. In total, 852 physical outlets and 17 online platforms were surveyed, and a minimum of 10,549 ivory items and a maximum of 13,460 ivory items were observed for sale (6,186-9,097 in physical outlets and 4,363 items from online sellers). These findings demonstrate that both physical and online ivory markets persist throughout Viet Nam, likely due to demand from both domestic and international consumers. Physical outlets in Ho Chi Minh City and Buon Ma Thuot had the highest number of items for sale. However, two villages (Ban Don and Lak) represented a disproportionately high number of items when compared to the number of outlets selling ivory. Amongst the online platforms, social media websites had the highest number of ivory posts and items for sale. Clear links between physical markets and online outlets were found in this survey. In eight instances online sellers were either linked to physical stores or physical stores were also selling their items online. Eight different types of ivory items were observed, but ivory jewellery items accounted for over 90% of all the items found online and in physical outlets. Prices for ivory products varied widely, from USD7 to USD2,637, but only 154 items were priced over USD200. Although sellers consistently reported Viet Nam as the origin of the ivory for sale, the population of wild elephants in Viet Nam is estimated at fewer than 100 individuals. Thus, it is highly likely the ivory originates from elsewhere, noting that most of the ivory seized in Viet Nam in the last few years has arrived from range countries of the African Elephant Loxodonta africana. The involvement of China and Chinese nationals in the Vietnamese ivory trade remains particularly noteworthy. Ivory market availability linked to tourism was observed in the following locations: Ha Long, Mong Cai, Ban Don, and Lak. The price of some ivory items was quoted in foreign currencies, such as Chinese Yuan and United States Dollars. Chinese nationals were reported as buyers by multiple sellers, and sellers in the physical outlets offered to send items directly to China. As in previous surveys, sellers know that selling ivory is illegal, but this knowledge does not deter them from offering it openly for sale in Viet Nam. The poor regulatory framework, such as the legal grey area stemming from Decree 18/1992/HDBT and the 2 kg minimum threshold required to trigger the amended Penal Code 100/2015/QH13, hampers the ability of Vietnamese law enforcement agencies to regulate the open sale of ivory in physical and online markets effectively. The following recommendations stem from the findings and analysis of the research. Details: Ha Noi, Viet Nam: TRAFFIC, 2018. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2019 at: https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/11494/traps-tusk-to-trinket.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Vietnam URL: https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/11494/traps-tusk-to-trinket.pdf Shelf Number: 154540 Keywords: Animal Poaching Elephants Illegal Trade Ivory Online TradingWildlife Conservation Wildlife Crime |